This powerful predator roams the Americas, where it is also known as a panther, puma, mountain lion, and catamount.This big cat of many names is also found in many habitats, from Florida swamps to.
Mountain LionNPS Identification:Also known as cougar, puma, panther, yellow cat, catamount, etc., the Mountain Lion is North America's largest member of the cat family. These majestic creatures once roamed throughout North America, but today, their range is limited to British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, the twelve westernmost states in the US, and Florida.Sighting a wild Mountain Lion is a rare and unexpected event. So unexpected that it's common for people to initially mistake them for deer even though the only things deer and Mountain Lions have in common are four legs and similar colored fur.These large cats, as adults, can be 30 inches in height at the shoulder, and approximately 8 feet long from nose to tail. The tail of the Mountain Lion is about one-third the entire length of the body. Mountain Lions usually weigh between 75-175 pounds. The largest Mountain Lion ever to be documented weighed 276 pounds, but a Lion of this size is extremely rare.The coat of the Mountain Lion is light brown in color, and the fur is short and coarse.
The underside of the cat is white, and the tail is tipped in black. Variations in the color of the lion's coat have been listed as rust, apricot, lemon, smoke, and even black. Biology & Behavior:Mountain Lions can survive in a variety of habitats, including high mountains, deserts, and swamps.
Human activity has encouraged Mountain Lions to retreat to the rugged terrain that remains largely uninhabited by humans. Mountain Lion habitat must provide an adequate prey base as well as cover for hunting.The vision of the Mountain Lion is one of the animal's most important adaptations for hunting. The animal's eyes are quite large, and the retina contains more rods than cones, lending to the cat's excellent night vision. Although Mountain Lions cannot see in complete darkness, they can discern details in much lower light than humans.In addition to its' excellent vision, the Mountain Lion has extremely sensitive hearing. This is also an important tool for hunting in low light. Lions can detect high frequency sounds that allow them to detect hidden prey.
By comparison, Mountain Lions have a weak sense of smell. This is the trade-off cats made millions of years ago. Evolving short muzzles increased biting power, but decreased the sense of smell.Mountain Lions are known as ambush hunters. The lion waits patiently in dense vegetation or rock crevices for prey to wander.
Then, silent stalking of the prey is followed by a quick surprise attack by the powerful cat. A popular myth is that Mountain Lions jump out of trees or off of cliffs to attack their prey. In actuality they may leap from a high hiding place to build up speed for the attack, but at the point of impact, they keep their hind legs on the ground for balance and, if necessary, a quick escape. When attacking large animals, Mountain Lions go for the neck.
Their jaws are powerful enough to break the neck of a deer or smaller animal. Alternatively when attacking larger animals such as elk or even horses, Mountain Lions choose to clamp down on the windpipe, strangling the victim.
While deer is their preferred food throughout their range, Mountain Lions also feed on mice, ground squirrels, rabbits, skunks, porcupines, and birds.One lion can consume up to 20 or 30 pounds of meat in a single meal. After feeding on its kill, the lion will cache the prey, or bury it in a secluded spot. The Mountain Lion will return to feed on the prey for up to 10 days.The range of a Mountain Lion may cover 25 to 785 square miles. Here in southern Utah, lions have been known to occupy home ranges as large as 513 square miles.
The size of a lion's territory depends on the availability of food and habitat quality. Mountain Lions are solitary animals, only seeking company during the breeding season.Mountain Lions are capable of breeding at any time during the year. In the west, it has been discovered that the kittens are usually born during June or July. During the breeding season, the famous scream of the female lion may be heard. This scream is used to attract the male lion.
After the female chooses her mate, the two lions will remain together for several days, hunting and playing until the female is ready to mate. After approximately three months, the kittens will be born.
The female will choose a den, which could be a rock overhang, shallow cave or area of dense vegetation, as a secure place to give birth.Mountain Lion kittens are born with a spotted coat and bright blue eyes. The spots disappear after 6-9 months, and the eyes turn yellow within 16 months. Weighing in at about one pound at birth, the kittens grow rapidly.
After eight weeks of nursing, the kittens will weigh about 30 pounds. Lion kittens begin to eat meat at the age of six weeks. After 18 months, the immature lions usually leave their mother to begin life on their own.Life is tough for juvenile lions. Dominant males may kill juveniles within their territories, so often juveniles must eke out a living in marginal habitat. This can ultimately lead to starvation or encounters with humans. Even in California where Mountain Lions are protected from hunting, 75% of the kittens do not live to be two years old.Conservation Issues:Originally, Mountain Lions roamed throughout North and South America. Today in North America, lion populations are limited to British Columbia, Alberta, the twelve westernmost states in the U.S., and the Florida Everglades.Bounty hunting of Mountain Lions began as early as the 1600s in North America.
Early settlers feared the Mountain Lions, and believed that the lions, as well as wolves and bears, had a negative effect on game populations. By the 1900s these predators had been killed in astonishing numbers, with a disastrous effect on the ecosystem in some areas. Loss of predators led to overpopulation of deer and other herbivores, resulting in overgrazing, increased erosion and decline in the long-term health of whole ecosystems.Bounty hunting continued across the nation until the 1960s, when efforts began to preserve environmental health. Mountain Lions survived the persecution better than other predators, yet Mountain Lion populations have not been restored in many areas.People are not always eager to help predator populations recover. Livestock losses are a source of concern because individual Mountain Lions have been documented wantonly killing dozens of sheep in a single night. As widely publicized as these accounts are, they do not occur regularly. However, because Mountain Lions are such successful predators (they can just as easily kill a bull elk as a domestic sheep), as long as there are plenty of deer for them to hunt they tend to leave livestock alone.As a rule, Mountain Lions avoid people and signs of people, but in recent years, Mountain Lion attacks on humans have become a serious source of controversy.
Although attacks on humans are extremely rare, the attacks have increased over the past few decades. As in most livestock depredations, the Mountain Lion that attacks a person is usually a hunger-crazed juvenile that has been pushed into marginal habitat by more dominant males. But it is human encroachment into Mountain Lion territory that creates marginal Mountain Lion habitat. As more people are recreating and living in rural areas, the chance of an encounter with these secretive animals is more likely. Nevertheless, by taking some precautions humans and Mountain Lions can coexist.In the event that you encounter an aggressive Mountain Lion:. Maintain eye contact, and never turn away from the lion.
Stand up straight, with arms above your head in order to appear larger. Back away very slowly in case the lion is guarding a kill or her den. If the lion approaches, throw rocks or sticks and yell at the animal. If the lion does attack, fight back.
Unlike surviving a bear attack, if you play dead with a Mountain Lion, you will be. Remember above all DO NOT RUN! No cat can resist the instinct to give chase. Mountain Lion licking the snowmelt from the hard rock surfaceNPSWhen and Where to See Mountain Lions at Bryce Canyon:The most common observations of Mountain Lions are brief glimpses at night along the park roads. Few ever witness Mountain Lions except for a brief second in car headlights. Because Mountain Lions avoid all things associated with people, your chances are better at spotting one in the backcountry than in places where people usually hike.Mountain Lions are most active in the winter because snow offers them several advantages over their prey. Large paws help Mountain Lions sprint over deep snow that deer or elk flounder in.
Lacking a strong sense of smell, Mountain Lions have difficulty tracking prey in the summertime, so instead they wait in ambush for prey to come to them. However, in the winter, Mountain Lions will visually track deer by following their hoof-prints in the snow. But before you plan a winter backpack trip in an attempt to see a Mountain Lion, keep in mind that backpacking in winter at Bryce poses far more dangerous risks than Mountain Lions.Don't be discouraged. While actual sightings are rare, encountering evidence of Mountain Lion passing is fairly common if you know what to look for. Tracks are readily identifiable in that they are similar to those of a Great Dane or other very large dog, but with one obvious difference: Mountain Lions walk with their claws retracted so you will see only the round toe prints without the triangular claw marks. Sometimes it's your nose that alerts you to presence of a Mountain Lion.
If you find a small pile of dirt that smells strongly of cat urine you have found a scent mound used for marking territory.At other times, circling vultures or ravens might indicate the location of a Mountain Lion food cache.NOTE: A Mountain Lion periodically returns to its food cache or may just rest between meals hidden nearby. Therefore, investigating a Mountain Lion food cache is fine if you can fly like a raven, but otherwise it is a very dangerous idea.Perhaps it is a good thing that Mountain Lions are exceedingly difficult to see. Ultimately this keeps people from running into trouble with Mountain Lions and vice versa.Sources:Busch, Robert H. The Cougar Almanac: A Complete Natural History of the Mountain Lion. New York: Lyons and Burford, 1996.Whitaker, John O. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. Alfred A Knopf, Inc.
.OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8) is the ninth of, 's desktop and operating system for computers. OS X Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012 for purchase and download through Apple's, as part of a switch to releasing OS X versions online and every year, rather than every two years or so. Named to signify its status as a refinement of the previous version, Apple's stated aims in developing Mountain Lion were to allow users to more easily manage and synchronise content between multiple Apple devices and to make the operating system more familiar.The operating system gained the new malware-blocking system and integration with Apple's online and services, while the web browser was updated to. As on iOS, and became full applications, separate from and, while the application was replaced with a version of iOS's. Mountain Lion also added a version of iOS's, which groups updates from different applications in one place.
Integrated links allowing the user to rapidly transfer content to were present in the operating system from launch. Integration was also planned but unfinished at launch date. It was released as a downloadable update later.OS X Mountain Lion received positive reviews, with critics praising Notification Center, Messages, and speed improvements over, while criticizing iCloud for unreliability and Game Center for lack of games. Mountain Lion sold three million units in the first four days, and has sold 28 million units as of June 10, 2013, making it Apple's most popular release.
Mountain Lion was the last paid upgrade for an OS X major release, with and later being free. OS X Mountain Lion was announced at 2012 at.OS X Mountain Lion was officially announced by Apple on their website on February 16, 2012, as a successor to. It achieved status on July 9, 2012. Following a soft transition started with Mac OS X Lion, Apple consistently refers to OS X Mountain Lion as 'OS X' rather than 'Mac OS X'.During the keynote on June 11, 2012, Apple announced a 'near final' release version of Mountain Lion for developers, with the public version arriving in July 2012 at a price tag of US$19.99 (€15.99 in Europe, £13.99 in the UK, $20.99 in Australia and ¥128 in Mainland China). The, revised, iPad Smart Case, and third-generation were announced at the keynote as well.The specific release date of July 25 was not confirmed until the day before, July 24, by Apple CEO, as part of Apple's 2012 third-quarter earnings announcement. It was released to the Mac App Store on July 25, 2012, where it sold 3 million units in the first four days of release.An update for Mountain Lion, version 10.8.1, was released on August 23, 2012. It resolved issues with iMessages, Safari, Mail, and many other applications.
Tests of the update revealed that 10.8.1 also improved battery life on laptops, albeit gaining back only half of the battery life that was lost in updating to Mountain Lion. Although 10.8.1 improved battery life for some customers, others continue to complain about reduced battery life and a constant drop in battery health, ultimately resulting in a 'Service Battery' message. System requirements The official system requirements of OS X 10.8 are 2 GB RAM, 8 GB available storage, or later, on any of the following Macs:.
(Mid 2007 or newer. Late 2006 is supported if an app called MlPostFactor v0.3 is used.). (Aluminum, Late 2008), (Polycarbonate, Early 2009 or newer). (Mid/Late 2007 or newer). (Late 2008 or newer). (Early 2009 or newer).
(Early 2008 or newer). (Early 2009)As in 10.7, the earliest models supporting AirDrop are the late-2008 MacBook Pro, late-2010 MacBook Air, late-2008 MacBook, mid-2010 Mac Mini, and early-2009 Mac Pro with an AirPort Extreme card. Any Mac released in or after 2011, except the, supports AirPlay Mirroring. Power Nap is supported on the mid-2011 or newer MacBook Air and the.The technical basis for these requirements is incompatibility with 32-bit and 32-bit kernel extensions (most importantly, drivers for shipped in some older Macs). In order to prevent potentially incompatible systems from installing 10.8, the installer contains a of supported motherboard IDs. Users have bypassed these limitations so that 10.8 may run with varying functionality on some officially unsupported computers. New and changed features.
Main article:was added in the operating system. It provides an overview of alerts from applications and displays notifications until the user completes an associated action, rather than requiring instant resolution. Users may choose what applications appear in Notification Center, and how they are handled. There are three types of notifications: banners, alerts, and badges. Banners are displayed for a short period of time in the upper right corner of the Mac's screen, and then slide off to the right. The icon of the application is displayed on the left side of the banner, while the message from the application will be displayed on the right side. Alerts are the same as banners, but will not disappear from the screen until the user takes action.
Badges are red notification icons that are displayed on the application's icon. They indicate the number of items available for the application.Notification Center can be accessed by clicking the icon in the right corner of the menu bar. When open, the user can click a button to, post status updates to, or view all notifications in the sidebar pane. Swiping up will reveal the option to disable Notification Center for one day.
Many settings of Notification Center can be customized under the 'Notifications' pane in. Each application can have three ways to display notifications: none, banners, and alerts. Options to toggle the app icons and sounds are also available. Users can click and drag an app in the pane to change the order the applications are displayed within Notification Center.
Main article:Notes, another transfer from, is added. It is separate from in its own application, with support for desktop notes added (syncs along with its counterpart). Created notes are synced through all the user's Apple devices through the iCloud service. Notes can be arranged in folders, and pinned to the user's desktop.
When the application is closed, the pinned note still remains. Notes can be created in three different default fonts - Noteworthy, Marker Felt, and Helvetica. Users can add custom fonts by visiting the Show Fonts menu. The menu allows users to change text size, format lists, choose the alignment (left, center, justify, or right), assign a writing direction, and indent text. Attachments, images, and can also be added into a note. Attachments cannot be viewed on iOS devices.
Messages. Main article:Messages, an, is added in Mountain Lion. It was announced on February 16, 2012, as part of the OS X Mountain Lion developer preview.
Starting with this release, Messages replaced as the default OS X instant-messaging client. A free beta version of Messages was available to download for Mac OS X Lion from the Apple website until June 2012. The final version of Messages was included with the release version of OS X Mountain Lion.As with its predecessor, Messages has text messaging, audio, and screen-sharing capabilities.
Messages also contains native video conversation support, utilizing Apple's video calling application where possible. However, it does retain video capabilities for interfacing with other instant messaging clients. Messages supports Apple's, a free instant messaging service previously only available on devices running. It also supports both (XMPP) (shown in the application under its former name, Jabber) and the (AIM). It also offers a direct connection to. Game Center.
Main article:The application from iOS was added in OS X Mountain Lion. It is an social-gaming network, and allows users to invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leader board. Points are awarded to players as a part of Game Center's tracking system. Players can earn points by meeting specific in-game challenges. A player must establish an to associate with a Game Center nickname.
A player has the option to create an Apple ID from within Game Center if he or she does not already have one. Only one nickname may be associated with an Apple ID at any given time. Each player is assigned a profile in Game Center. A profile consists of the player's nickname, the number of Game Center-compatible games the player owns, the number of friends the player has, the number of achievement points a player has, and an optional photo and player-defined status. Application updates OS X Mountain Lion added updates for many applications on the operating system. The app supports.
Widgets can be managed in a UI similar to Launchpad. Adds new VIP feature to save frequent contacts.
The app gets an improved user interface. It is able to fill out forms in PDF documents that don't contain actual PDF form fields.
Is a new to-do list application, separate from in its own application that syncs along with its counterpart. Gets a new release and features a new address bar; a combination of the address bar and the search field. The address bar also has a 'Reader' button, showing the user just the text of the article without advertisements and distraction. When the user is on a website with no article, the button is disabled.
Safari 6 is available as a download for. Is able to do rotating backups on more than one storage medium. Other updates AirPlay Mirroring is added, which allows wireless mirroring of a Mac's screen to an.
System-wide integration of AirPlay audio transmission is added. There are many new features for Chinese users, including support for as an option for search engine, and 126.com services for, and, and are integrated into share sheets. Dictation, new in Mountain Lion, is a system-wide voice input mechanism that requires a broadband Internet connection. Gained full integration following an update in late 2012.
Some of the features include single-sign on and integration in Notification Center, Contacts and Share Sheets., also new to Mountain Lion, is an feature based on and the.Power Nap allows flash storage-based Macintoshes (late 2010 MacBook Air and later, or the MacBook Pro with Retina display) to synchronize with iCloud (Reminders, Calendars, Photo Stream, Notes, Mail, and Find My Mac) while sleeping and also allows a Mac to download App Store and OS X updates as well as make periodic Time Machine backups when it is plugged in and sleeping. Several new screensavers were added. Share Sheets, a 'Share' button and dialog box in and other applications, are added.
Was integrated with almost all of the applications, with single-sign on, tweeting from an app, Tweet Sheets, tweeting photos and links, using multiple Twitter accounts, Twitter notifications, profile picture integration, and Location Services available.Application updates automatically install from the. The library (UI) was integrated throughout the operating systems, which includes new Open and Save dialog boxes across built-in applications, and third-party applications via an (API). Applications that make use of this API support a new user interface to view and manage documents in the cloud that are specific to the application being used. Documents can be renamed from the title bar.
IWork documents automatically synchronize with iCloud. The full screen ability is on every display. The has received an updated look, emulating the appearance of the aluminum metal surface that much of Apple's current hardware line-up sports.
Scroll bars widen when the mouse hovers over them. Finder displays a progress bar in the 'size' column when copying a file, and on icons in Launchpad when downloading from the Mac App Store.
Has search for finding applications. Address Book was renamed ', and iCal was renamed '. Dropped and changed features. was replaced entirely by, specifically in System Preferences options. support in and was removed; a message is shown to suggest to users that they search the for an RSS app. The service was unified into the. The list of updates installed in the past was removed.
The 'Web Sharing' option was removed from System Preferences. Is still included with the operating system and can be enabled using third-party software.
When the app is opened, users are directed to the open source project instead. support was removed (including in edition). The Display Preferences status menu was replaced by the AirPlay icon, and it is no longer possible to quickly switch resolutions without first opening up preferences. The option in Menu Bar to display battery life using 'Time' is no longer offered.
Instead, the only option is to display battery 'Percentage'. However, battery time can still be viewed in the dropdown by clicking on the battery icon. Reception Reception for OS X Mountain Lion has generally been positive, with users considering it to be a major improvement over 10.7 Lion. John Siracusa of said that 10.8 corrected and simplified UI changes made with Lion, saying that it had become 'what 10.7 should've been' and that the faster speeds and features merit the upgrade, then adding that 'If we'd had to wait for two years after 10.6 for the next major release of OS X, chances are good that the worst of the missteps in Lion would just be landing on our doorsteps today. I'll take 10.8, thanks.' Many reviewers found that Mountain Lion was far more stable than its predecessor, including of, who said 'All told, I found Mountain Lion to be a stable, solid release. Even prerelease builds were far more stable than I've come to expect from OS X betas, leading me to wonder if Apple's new annual schedule is leading to more careful incremental updates (with fewer bugs) rather than great leaps (with more, nastier bugs).'
The general attitude towards Mountain Lion was that it was faster and smoother, including Brian Heater of, who said the following:Taken as a whole, the features mark a fairly aggressive bid to fold the best of OS X and iOS into one product - a strategy we first saw with the introduction of the Mac App Store on Snow Leopard, and with the arrival of Launchpad last year in Lion.That said, it seems time for Apple to make a bold new pronouncement on the desktop front. The company appears to have most of its resources invested in the mobile side - and there's no question as to why: the iPhone and iPad have reinvigorated the company, making it a computing player on a scale that no one (save, perhaps, for Jobs himself) could have predicted a decade ago. Still, it might be hard for OS X users not to feel neglected - many of the latest new features feel a bit like iOS hand-me-downs. When and if Apple rolls out a new operating system this time next year, hopefully we'll be seeing a very different side of Mac OS.MG Siegler of said that the difference between Lion and Mountain Lion was not comparable to the difference between Leopard and Snow Leopard because Mountain Lion adds many new features that were not available in Lion. He also praised the application compatibility and said that the only updates needed were to add Notification Center features to applications. Jim Dalrymple of The Loop commented 'there will be tens of thousands of words published on Wednesday when Mountain Lion hits the Mac App Store, but let's face it, what you really want to know is whether Mountain Lion is worth the upgrade. Let's get that out of the way now — yes, it is definitely worth it,' and said that at $19.99, Mountain Lion was a 'bargain'.
Of said 'Over all, then, Mountain Lion is a gentle, thoughtful upgrade. All 200 new features? No, not really. But 10 that you'll use every day? While the operating system in general was well received, some reviewers dissented from that viewpoint. Jesus Diaz of felt that Apple was running out of ideas and that Microsoft's may out-innovate OS X. Apple also received criticism for failing to provide an official upgrade pathway for owners of 2006 computers.Game Center was the most criticised aspect of Mountain Lion.
Reviewers criticized the service for the lack of games available, reliability issues and the lack of integration with iOS games. Scott Stein of commented 'Game Center-compatible titles will have achievements, leaderboard info.and, potentially, a way of playing cross-platform games. As of the time of this post, I could find only seven Game Center games featured the Mac App Store,' and 'Until Game Center becomes a complete portal for all games on the Mac, and a true method of cross-platform iOS/Mac play, I'm not sure many people will even bother checking it out.' Matt Clark of MacLife also commented that if developers don't develop applications for Game Center, it is 'likely doomed to sit unnoticed on your hard drive'.Mountain Lion sold 3 million units in the first four days, making it Apple's most successful OS X release to date.
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